Firewalls Keeping the vandals from your computers :: Essays Papers

Firewalls Keeping the vandals from your computersA research paper written by Janice E Chapman for the Cyberculture internet Literacy class offered at St Edwards University by Professor Danney Ursery. August 1, 2001. Welcome to the 21st century, constant Internet access, and hackers.The good news is that every time someone does something poisonous with Internet technology, someone else does something to counter that destruction. Hence the reason firewalls were created.So, what is a firewall? In short, it is package that prevents someone from accessing your computer, either over a network or the Internet. This software can be configured to only allow e-mail in, to restrict access of pick outn intruders, or to restrict all out grimace traffic. An important side note is that firewalls are not designed to screen e-mails or files for viruses and restrict just those e-mails or viruses. You would still need a virus control physical process for that. The reason you should protect your co mputer from outside snoops is the same reason you lock your car or your house. You want to protect your property, and strangers don?t really know if you have any thing valuable to steal until they gain access and look around. In addition, the Internet has a reputation for attracting malicious hackers. These are populate who chafferk entertainment by vandalizing other people?s computers. They may not seek you out specifically, they just happened to have a program that at random ?pings? Internet protocol (IP) addresses until it finds an unlocked door. DSL, ISDN, or T1 lines connect your computer to the Internet and keep that connection constantly active and the door unlocked. Now that you understand and see the need to protect your computer, the next step is to find firewall software that satisfies your needs. This means only you can decide what is right for you. The Home PC Firewall Guide at http//www.firewallguide.com/ offers third party reviews for small office and home users. F or those users seeking a more technical approach to understanding, analyzing, designing, and/or testing firewall security the SANS Institute schooling Security Reading Room at http//www.sans.org/infosecFAQ/firewall/norton.htm provides excellent obligates written by GIAC-certified professionals. As a home user, I found Mark Greco?s article on Protecting Yourself with Norton Personal Firewall very informative. This article goes a step farther and steps you through the installation and configuration of Norton Personal Firewall. Still not convinced to buy or download free firewall software? Think about this.

What lies in the future of our youth? Essay -- Persuasive, Youth Deli

What lies in the future of our juvenility? Do we really do it? The beliefs should be believed that we have the power to modulate the minds of our children, that we have to take any steps necessary to make sure that the mold is something that we would like to see in our up and coming youth molded into, and that we can non allow this mold to be broken. Our basic survival depends on those minds of our youth that we need to take the time to mold today. Youth delinquency is a massively growing problem in the United States today. Youth delinquency refers to abnormal social or legal demeanor by children or adolescents, for dealing with juveniles, such as juvenile detention centers. There are a multitude of different theories on the causes of crime, most if not all of which can be applied to the causes of youth crime (Youth Delinquency, 1999 p.1). A youth (juvenile) delinquent is one who repeatedly commits crime. There are multiple reasons for the make up in criminal activity amount the nations youthful population. A substantial amount of research has been devoted to the factors that may put youth at risk for delinquency. These risk factors can be found in every life domain (individual, family, school, community, and peer group), and everyone experiences some degree of risk in his or her life. With regard to juvenile delinquency, the number, types, duration, timing and severity of risks may increase the likelihood that a youth will engage in antisocial port (Christle, Jolivette and Nelson, 2005 p. 70). Delinquent and criminal behavior among young people, as they negotiate the transition from childhood to adulthood, is an increasingly complex and confusing world. For many young people today, conventional patterns guiding the relations... ...quency. With the development of delinquency in youth being influenced by numerous factors, prevention efforts are comprehensive in scope. Prevention services allow in activities such as substance abuse education and treatm ent, family counseling, youth mentoring, parenting education, educational support, and youth sheltering (Youth Delinquency, 1999 p.4). These protective measures should also include protective factors, such as things as strong social support systems, positive role-models and psycho-social education. Encouraging our youth to volunteer promotes civic-mindedness and gives them the opportunity to associate with other positive youths and people. When our youth are being held accountable and takes responsibility for all of their actions and behaviors, they will have a better and more balanced self-esteem and more confident when dealing with the world.

US History 1790- 1860 Essay examples -- essays research papers

During 1790-1860, there were many reclamations taking place and many events that lead up to the reformation of this very inexperienced country, of America. all(prenominal) these events effected the United States different ways and caused many grievances for the young people living in America. In 1790 we firmly integrated the premier American cotton mill which led to the economic augmentation of the United States. In 1791 we established the Capital of the United States in Washington D.C., and Alexander Hamilton establishes the first bank of America. In 1794 in Pennsylvania there was an uprising called the Whiskey Rebellion. People were rejecting the taxes on their way of life, and that was whiskey. In 1801, Thomas Jefferson became President of the United States, and the... US History 1790- 1860 Essay examples -- essays research papers During 1790-1860, there were many reformations taking place and many events that lead up to the reformation of this very inexperien ced country, of America. All these events effected the United States different ways and caused many grievances for the young people living in America. In 1790 we firmly incorporated the first American cotton mill which led to the economic augmentation of the United States. In 1791 we established the Capital of the United States in Washington D.C., and Alexander Hamilton establishes the first bank of America. In 1794 in Pennsylvania there was an uprising called the Whiskey Rebellion. People were rejecting the taxes on their way of life, and that was whiskey. In 1801, Thomas Jefferson became President of the United States, and the...

The Homeless: Working and Still Living on the Streets :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Imagine eating Christmas dinner underneath a bridge on the cold dirt because you and your family were evicted from your home. Just trying to find a single meal is what thousands of passel, who live on the street, go through each day. They have been kicked out of their houses and apartments because they potentiometert afford rent due to their low paying jobs.   Homelessness can be described as a person who lacks a fixed, adequate nighttime residence. To be considered homeless a person must have a primary nighttime residency that is a publicly operated shelter designed to provide temporary living accommodations. It is impossible to know exactly how umteen people are homeless in the United States. The numbers fluctuate everyday because some find homes, some lose their homes, and most of the time the homeless are in places that arent counted. The only thing that is known is that homelessness is increasing. A growing shortage of affordable housing has made climbing out of homeless ness nearly impossible for psyche who lives in extreme poverty (Homeless).   Not being able to afford housing does not mean that the person is completely without a writer of income. Almost one in five homeless persons are employed. The connection between impoverished workers and the homeless can be seen in homeless shelters, many of which house significant numbers of full-time wage earners. In a booming economy, job stability and job security have deteriorated. The share of workers in long-term jobs (those lasting at least ten years) fell sharply between 1979 and 1996, with the worst deteriorating taking place since the end of the 1980s (Homeless). Displaced workers pillowcase difficulty finding new employment. When they do find work, their new jobs pay, on average, thirteen percent less than the job they lost. Also, more than one-fourth of those who had health amends at their old jobs dont have it at their new ones. This makes it almost impossible to stay above the poverty line when a medical illness strikes the family.   In 1997, thirty percent of workers were employed in non-standard work arrangements (HomelessnessÉ). These consist of independent contracting, working for temporary help agencies, day labor and regular part-time employment. This role of work typically offers lower wages, fewer benefits and less job security. The underemployment rate stands substantially higher than the unemployment rate. Measures of underemployment reflect not only individuals who are unemployed, but too involuntary part-timers that want to work full-time.

Magnetic Fields of Stationary Magnets :: physics science magnet magnetic field

Missing figures/equationsMy goal in writing this paper is two fold. Goal one is to try and understand how a stationary magnet exerts force by means of a magnetic field (even across a complete vacuum). Frequently, electromagnetic fields are compared to the gravitative field. Goal two is to explore the similarities between the two types of fields to see if comparison throws any light on the mechanism of magnetic field generation. The landmark action-at-a-distance is often apply to describe forces that travel through space and exert their effect without directly touching the objects acted upon. Newtons idea of instantaneous action-at-a-distance has been replaced by the modern action-at-a-distance which is genic at the speed of light so as to avoid conflict with Relativity Theory (Hoyle and Narlikar 1974). The marge field theory either replaces action-at-a-distance or is used as the means by which action-at-a-distance transmits force. In this paper field will represent the means of transmitting forces such as electromagnetism and gravity, avoiding the need for the term action-at-a-distance.Magnetic fields are frequently compared to gravitative fields. Gravitational fields cause a bend of space-time. That curvature of space-time provides a mechanism for the gravitational attraction between masses. A magnet also causes a curvature of space-time. In fact a magnet can cause space-time curvature in several distinct ways.

Birth: The Beginning of Life Essay -- Birthing Birth Essays

Birth The Beginning of LifeBirth a definitionFor all mammals (with platypuses being the exception), parturition is the beginning of life as we know it. much specifically, birth is the means by which non-human primates and human primates alike begin their experience of the world. I am interested in the significance of childbearing the method by which it is carried out, its implications for the birthing mother, and the way that the birthing process is viewed by different societies. Both birth and the postpartum period involve a sealed degree of danger for the birthing mother, her nascent child, and her entire family or community. Because childbirth is so dangerous (the average lifetime risk of dying from pregnancy related to causes is about one in fifteen in some poor countries, MacCormack 1), most cultures have distinct patterns that determine how the birthing process will be carried out. The birthing process involves different birthing positions different rules concerning who is allowed to be present during the time of birth mechanisms for deciding where birth takes place and different ways by which mother and child deal with labor, birth and postpartum. As a life crisis event, birth is everywhere a candidate for consensual shaping and social commandment the particular pattern depending on local history, ecology, social structure, technological development, and the like (Jordan 4). By exploring the original human condition of childbirth one is able to slay insight into the universal biosocial phenomenon known as the birthing process. In addition, I am interested in studying childbirth because, as womens work, it is usually non given enough attention in the traditionally male-dominated field of anthropology. Unt... ... Peoples. London J. Cape, 1971.Hrdy, Sarah Blaffer. The Langurs of Abu Female and Male Strategies of Reproduction. Cambridge, MA, Harvard Univ. Press, 1997.Jordan, Brigitte. Birth in Four Cultures A cross-cultural Investigation of Childbirt h in Yucatan, Holland, Sweden, and the United States. 4th ed. Prospect Heights, IL Waveland Press, 1993.Lawlor, Robert. Voices of the First Day Awakening in the Aboriginal Dreamtime. Rochester, Vermont Inner Trad. Ltd., 1991. MacCormack, Carol P., ed. ethnography of Fertility and Birth. 2nd ed. Prospect Heights, IL Waveland Press, 1994.National Geographic Society. Among the Wild Chimpanzees. National Geographic Video, 1984.Pinker, Steven. Why they kill their newborns New York Times Magazine 11 Feb. 1997 52-55.Smuts et. al. eds. Primate societies. Chicago University of Chicago Press, 1986.

Birth: The Beginning of Life Essay -- Birthing Birth Essays

Birth The Beginning of LifeBirth a renderingFor all mammals (with platypuses being the exception), parturition is the beginning of bearing as we know it. More specifically, birth is the means by which non-human primates and human primates also begin their experience of the world. I am interested in the significance of accouchement the method by which it is carried out, its implications for the birthing mother, and the way that the birthing process is viewed by different societies. Both birth and the postpartum period involve a certain degree of danger for the birthing mother, her nascent child, and her entire family or community. Because childbirth is so dangerous (the average lifetime risk of dying from pregnancy related causes is about one in fifteen in some pitiful countries, MacCormack 1), most cultures have distinct patterns that determine how the birthing process will be carried out. The birthing process involves different birthing positions different rules concerning who is allowed to be familiarise during the time of birth mechanisms for deciding where birth takes place and different ways by which mother and child deal with labor, birth and postpartum. As a life crisis event, birth is everywhere a candidate for consensual shaping and social regulation the particular pattern depending on local history, ecology, social structure, technological development, and the equivalent (Jordan 4). By exploring the original human condition of childbirth one is able to gain insight into the universal biosocial phenomenon known as the birthing process. In addition, I am interested in studying childbirth because, as womens work, it is usually not given enough attention in the traditionally male-dominated field of anthropology. Unt... ... Peoples. capital of the United Kingdom J. Cape, 1971.Hrdy, Sarah Blaffer. The Langurs of Abu Female and Male Strategies of Reproduction. Cambridge, MA, Harvard Univ. Press, 1997.Jordan, Brigitte. Birth in Four Cultures A Cross-c ultural Investigation of Childbirth in Yucatan, Holland, Sweden, and the United States. 4th ed. Prospect Heights, IL Waveland Press, 1993.Lawlor, Robert. Voices of the First Day Awakening in the Aboriginal Dreamtime. Rochester, Vermont Inner Trad. Ltd., 1991. MacCormack, Carol P., ed. Ethnography of Fertility and Birth. 2nd ed. Prospect Heights, IL Waveland Press, 1994.National Geographic Society. Among the fruity Chimpanzees. National Geographic Video, 1984.Pinker, Steven. Why they kill their newborns New York Times Magazine 11 Feb. 1997 52-55.Smuts et. al. eds. Primate societies. Chicago University of Chicago Press, 1986.

Kinds of System

Is a schema that captures, enters stores, retrieves and processes the relevant details of contrast events, and generates the information/document necessary for running he organization and interfacing with external entities, such as customers. Transaction Is the process of dlvldlng a body of data Into blocks and spreading the data blocks across some(prenominal) partitions on several hard disks. Features of Transaction Processing Systems 1. Rapid reception fast performance with rapid results 2.Reliability- well designed backup and recovery with a low stroke rate 3. Inflexibility treat every transaction equ all(prenominal)y. It may be used many clock times each day which means it has to be punctilious and inflexible 4. Controlled bear on maintain speclflc requirements for the roles and responsibilities of different employees. Types of -rps Batch processing Is where the training Is collected as a batch and then processed later on. An representative of batch processing is pa ying by cheque.Batch processing is useful for enterprises that need to process large amounts of data using limited resources Batch Processing system Real Time Processing is where all details of the transaction ar recorded and alterationd at the time as It occurs. Examples of real time processing are ATMs. The importance of data In transaction processing Data security Is Important as data Is often confidential or has a moneymaking(prenominal) value, herefore, it needs to be protected from unauthorized irritate.Data accuracy means that the data is correct and that the data is up to date (current) Data integrity describes the reliability of data. This impart include statements of data currency, correct entry of data and accuracy of the data. TPS serve two purposes. 1 . To support day-to-day, routine operations by being do accessible to those parts of the organization (as well as to external entities) where they are needed. 2. To feed 1 OFA effectiveness and efficiency of the oper ations. The computer system mediating between the human and physical reality in an nventory application.Updates brought about by a transaction are of three types Adding a unseasoned record, such as when a innovative customer signs up Changing an surviveing record, such as changes in credit available for a customer when that customer makes new purchases or returns already purchased products Deleting a record, such as when a product is discontinued TPSs are characterized by Large amounts of input/output Large number of users Huge memory board requirements Low computational complexity Fast input/output as well as processing capabilities A high degree of concern for say-so security related problems A high degree of oncern for reliability and fault tolerance.Five Stages of Transaction Processing Data Entry Processing Database Maintenance Document And typography Generation Inquiry Processing steering Information Systems Provide information in the form of reports and displays to ma nagers and many business professionals to support business decision making. A counselling information system is an information system that uses the data collected by the managers can use it to make routine business decisions in response to problems. Some of the reports that this information systems creates are summary, exception and ad hoc reports.All this is done to outgrowth the efficiency of managerial activity. Most management information systems specialize in limited commercial and industrial sectors, aspects of the enterprise, or management substructure. Management information systems (MIS), produce fixed, regularly scheduled reports based on data extracted and summarized from the firms underlying transaction processing systems5 to middle and operational level managers to identify and inform structured and semi-structured decision problems.Decision Support Systems (DSS) are computer program applications used by middle management to ompile information from a wide range of so urces to support problem solving and decision making. Executive Information Systems (EIS) is a reporting tool that provides quick access to summarized reports coming from all company levels and departments such as accounting, human resources and operations. Marketing Information Systems (MIS) are Management Information Systems designed specifically for managing the marketing aspects of the business.Office automation Systems (OAS) support communication and productivity in the enterprise by automating work flow and eliminating bottlenecks. OAS may be implemented at any nd all levels of management. School Information Management Systems (SIMS) covers school administration, and often including teaching and learning materials. Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) facilitates the flow of information between all business functions inside the boundaries of the organization and manages the connections to outside stakeholders.Advantages The following are some of the benefits that can be attaine d for different types of management information systems. Companies are able to suck up their strengths and weaknesses due to the presence of revenue reports, employees performance record etc. The identification of these aspects can help the company improve their business processes and operations. Giving an overall video of the company and acting as a communication and planning tool. The availability of the customer data and feedback can help the company to align their business processes check to the needs of the customers.The effective management of customer data can help the company to perform direct marketing and promotion activities. Some disadvantages can exist when using a management information system in a company. Expensive Installing a management information system can be expensive for a company. Information technologywhile cheaper today than previous yearscan represent a significant expense, especially for larger organizations. These systems may also require ongoing supp ort or upgrade fees, which can represent future fixed cash outflows.Companies must create a work out to pay for these items to ensure the information system stays current with business technology. Attempting to integrate these systems with technology currently in use can also increase expenses. Companies may need to hire maintenance individuals to help keep an electronic information system running smoothly. These individuals often need experience in omputer comprehension functions and other business topics. Not only does this increase labor costs, but it also requires additional training and ongoing education for these individuals.Business technology can change frequently, creating an environment where companies must have trained individuals who can properly maintain computers, websites, servers and other equipment in use by the management information system. Ineffective Management information systems have the potential to become ineffective in a companys operations. As with all c omputer systems, the management information system is only as good as the programmer. Gathering unimportant or non-essential information can delay business decisions because managers must request additional input.Spending too much time reprogramming or correcting issues can also increase the time spent in the decision-making process. Business owners and managers may also need extensive training on new systems, creating a learning curve that will hopefully diminish over time. Unemployment While information, Information Security Selection Software Evaluation Reports, they secure Information Exchange in an Insecure World, Lack of Job security, Dominant culture , there is no privacy, expensive, maintenance and ineffective.

Creationism in the Classroom

Derek Dougherty English 1302 Turman 11/1/2010 Creationism in the Classroom Many Christians believe that the earth and all things on it were created by God in six days. This is denied by the theory of evolution. Since the simple eyes and development of life are an most-valuable part of the school science curriculum, the question of what schools should and should not be allowed to indoctrinate is an important sensation. There are many problems that present themselves when attempting to tackle the issue of teaching creationism in a public school shot.The first being, does creationism even qualify as a science? If it is not scientifically testable then it should not be taught alongside evolution in a schoolroom setting. However some creationist supporters call for that it is scientifically testable and that its theories are consistent with the scientific method. The next logical question to ask is should the controversy be taught in a science classroom setting? Many people are aga inst the idea of teaching two conflicting ideas in the same classroom setting because of the implications it would have on the children.Others say if creationism is to be taught, it shouldnt be taught in a science classroom. If you have two conflicting ideas that cannot come to terms and be taught in harmony then one must be selected over the other. Creationism is not science it is not scientifically testable, and does not belong in the science classroom. While both creationist and evolutionists have really convincing arguments, the question isnt what is best morally or ethically for the children.The question is what will best prepare them for their continued education, and seeing how evolution is the buttocks for biology and a wealth of other sciences, creationism holds no ground and was even found unconstitutional to be taught. According to the Center for Science and Culture quick-witted design can best be described as Certain features of the universe and of living things are best explained by an intelligent cause, not an rudderless process such as natural selection (CSC). This idea is the basis of creationism, and stems from religious doctrine such as the bible that state the world was created in a matter of days rather than illions of years. Bibles and other holy doctrines are not allowed to be used by a teacher for any purpose, so regardless of anything else, it is against the law for a teacher to teach out of these doctrines. In the 1987 Supreme Court case of Edwards v. Aguillard it was decided that, Educators may not teach, either as scientific fact or even as an alternate(a) or competing theory, the theory that humankind was created by a divine being. In science classes, educators must present only scientific explanations for life on earth and scientific critiques of evolution.The U. S. Supreme Court has held that it is unconstitutional to require educators who teach evolution also to teach creationism (Religion). Justice William Brennan went o n to write in the majority opinion that creationism could not be taught as an alternative to evolution because of its religiosity, but that teaching a miscellany of scientific theories somewhat the origins of humankind to schoolchildren might be validly done with the clear secular intent of enhancing the effectiveness of science instruction (Moore 303). Creationists used this as an invitation and legal right for making scientific alternatives and teaching them in public school. The most popular of these alternatives was Intelligent Design (Moore 303). Justice Brennans intent in stating that teaching alternative theories could be done was not to invite creationists to make up more alternative theories. Brennan was simply stating that teaching a multitude of theories to children could be beneficial to them if it was clear that they were all equal and that one was not superior to the other.In response to the question, Can creationism be scientific? Theodore M. Drange had this to say, Yes, creationism can be a scientific theory, because naturalistic creationism (in sharp contrast with theistic creationism) would be scientific if it were ever to be pursued by empirical method. That is not anything that has ever been done, but it is at least possible (Drange). Drange implies that naturalistic creationism, which is a form of creationism that makes no reference to God or any supernatural beings, is scientific and thus could be scientifically testable.But given that no creationist wishes to teach creationism in this form, the fact remains that theistic creationism is not scientific. Drange explains that the reason theistic creationism is not scientific is due to the fact that it is theistic. It has slide fastener to do with the appeal to creation merely that theism is involved discredits it as scientifically provable theory (Drange). In 2000 the Kansas Board of Education removed all references to the origin of humans and the age of the earth at the urging of conser vative Christians (Moore 339). Not only was this a borderline illegal act, but it was irresponsible of the School soil to give in to the public fantasy that creationism is okay to be taught in schools. In April of 2001 an article was put in the New York Times discussing the Boards decision to overturn their previous ruling, When Kansas School officials sojournored the theory of evolution to statewide education standards a few weeks ago, biologists might have been inclined to declare success over creationism.Instead, some evolutionists say, the latter stages of the battle in Kansas, along with new efforts in Michigan and Pennsylvania as well as in a number of universities and even in Washington, suggest that the issue is far from settled (Glanz). We are not here to argue the religious implications of discrediting creationism as a executable alternative to evolution. It has been proven and reinforced by the Supreme Court that creationism has no place alongside evolution in Scienc e. Teaching a theory that discredits the rest of the teaching in that science class is preposterous.The only part of evolution that is a theory is why it occurs, not how it occurs, whereas creationism in itself is a theory that has truly little watertight evidence to support its claims. The bottom line is that creationism has a place in the lives of our children, but that place is not in the science classroom or any classroom in a state funded school. We risk undermining our constitutional right to separation of church and state if we were to teach creationism as an alternative or even alongside evolution.The battle to keep creationism out of the classroom has already been won, but the war between the two sides still rages on. Even forthwith there are laws trying to be enacted to push Creationism into schools. We must remain vigilant and wary of these laws that are meant to undermine our rights, and remind ourselves that this issue isnt about what you should believe its about what we should teach.Works Cited CSC Top Questions. Discovery Institute. Web. 03 Nov. 2010.

Othello/Macbeth Tragic Heroes

A tragicalal hero, determined by Aristotle, must show a nobility and virtue of a certain magnitude however, their channel to happiness should be ceased by their destructive vice (Harmartia- the flaw that eventu aloney leads to their downfall). Peripeteia, the point where the characters fortune changes, must evoke a pronounce of mildness and fear amongst the interview, and give above all, a didactic message.The outcome of this characteristic should result in a complex but sole fomentation of both(prenominal) the heros Catharsis (a cleansing of emotion which is described by Aristotle as an effect of tragic drama on its audience) and Anagnoris when they reach their southward of actualization. It can be argued that Shakespe be fully abided by these rules in order to make a distinction between his characters prosperity and misfortune.Fintan OToole (post red-brick-dayist critic) argues that Othello is non tragic, merely despicable. However, Othello bequeath be identified as a far greater tragic hero than Macbeth, illustrating how Shakespeare fully intended on creating a tragically luxurious character such as Othello. As the play progresses, Othellos monumental Harmartia is gradually revealed his sense of inherent jealousy is implemented by Iago, the Machiavellian villain, and his gullibility makes him susceptible to it.Once he becomes convinced that his wife Desdemona is unfaithful, his jealousy does indeed feed itself just as Iago ironically warns, the green eyed monster, which doth mock the meat it feeds on (Iago- Act 3 persuasion 1), leading to the heros monstrous doings. The apparent alliteration, death and damnation (Act 3 Scene 3) and waked wrath (Act 3 Scene 3), reveals the great influence that Iago has upon Othello as his linguistic eloquence and his mental state rapidly collapse, resulting in both his mathematical function of evil imagery in worldly concernner of speaking and in action, the pip of Desdemona.The hubris, argued by Helen Gardner (in 20th century) is heroic because Othello acts from inner necessity, appearing to show Othellos desire to remake the world into a purify place, an act that is heroic in its absoluteness. This admission of ethical duty perhaps may have encouraged a contemporary audience to pity Othello as his act, although terrible in itself, is nevertheless wonderful in its own manner of righteousness. Othello in that respectfore appears to be more honourable since his maltreat doing was out of extol and not of hatred, something for which Gardener seems to forgive Othello.A contemporary audience would argue that gender alike plays an important role in Othello as men were regarded as stronger and wiser, reservation it more forgivable of Othello. However, a 21st century audience would view women as equally as important as men, showing that Desdemonas murder was underserved and unforgivable of Othello. Dr Johnson (1765) declared that Othello was a genuinely useful moral, as the protago nist shows how one can be stifled by naivete the repeat of honest Iago, the external forces of evil, combine to cause Othellos tragic manifestation and thus, his downfall.Macbeths Hamartia is his lust for power that eventually and unsurprisingly leads into his downfall. Arthur Kirsch (1984) highlights Macbeths emptiness of his desires and the insatiability of his aspirations. Macbeth becomes ill-advised with the witches prophecy as he soon discovers how real it is, allowing him to be somewhat fixated on the idea of murdering the King and soon after, Banquo. Macbeth does murder sleep- the use of threesome person indicates the exponential deterioration of his mental state after cleanup spot an innocent King, as a result of his unquenchable thirst for power fundamentally in itself more than one of the seven vices.Both Iago and Macbeth in this case, are the embodiment of the vices, both jealousy and greed, as opposed to Othello, who is only influenced by the vice itself. J. A Bryant (1961) argues that, Macbeth is a wholly negative character who possesses the capacity for good but chooses to commit evil instead, illustrating that his ulterior motive wasnt for the good or righteous, as opposed to Othello, but for the selfish rise to power, evidently make him less of a tragic hero he merely chooses evil because it working to his own advantage rather than making the world into a better place.Both a Shakespearean and a modern audience would believe that Macbeth, like the Devil, has willed himself into a desperate position whereby he is captive of nothing except the providence he chose to ignore. In fact, a further aspect of his Hamartia is arguably his mantic lack of masculinity that he is constantly belittled and ridiculed for by Lady Macbeth. The use of a rhetorical question in Are you a man? indicates her ability to manipulate him into believing that he is not strong enough to murder.This too, plays an important but yet, not as dominant, role in Macbeths dow nfall. The second element combined to create a tragic hero is Peripeteia where the downfall from a virtuous status to a catastrophic one is evident. regardless of however many times Othello is referred to as the Moor by Iago, a derogatory term used to highlight his race, a Shakespearean audience will still be amazed by his aristocratic virtue as he possesses the verbal eloquence to assert to the signiors in the rule of three adjectives as potent, grave and reverend.In Act 3 Scene 3 however, Othello makes more references to the devil a reflection of Iagos evil nature being imparted upon him, as goats and monkeys are images that connote the devil. His eloquence of poetry in Act 1 is in stark contrast to his rather barbaric and politically incorrect behaviour in Act 3, particularly to a 21st century audience as his act of striking her (Desdemona) across the face is an incredulous act that is tout ensemble unacceptable to feminists now but may have been deemed as common or even deserv ed to a contemporary audience of the 16th century.His esteem dramatically changes towards Desdemona and it can be argued that Othello allows manipulation and jealousy to lead to his self-destruction- Tasha Kelley (2010) Othello simply cannot help the jealousy that he feels within him, no matter how more of an influence Iago is upon him. At this point, Othello is entirely convinced and absolute in the killing of his wife the use of hyperbolic language in Ill tear her all to pieces emphasises his sheer mercilessness since all of Desdemona will be killed.Unlike Othello, Macbeth changes rather early on in the play, and the only real evidence that the audience sees of his nobility is what new(prenominal)s check out about him. In Act 1 Scene 2 Duncan expresses, O valiant cousin, worthy gentleman the use of positive adjectives to describe Macbeth would give both a Shakespearean and modern audience a good impression of Macbeth even before he is revealed in the play.On the other hand, cu rrent and contemporary audiences would also notice that the other characters in Macbeth are the ones who prove Macbeths honorary class, and not he for himself. After one consecutive scene, Macbeths Peripeteia is passing abrupt that it can be portrayed as almost non-existent. If Chance will have me King, Why Chance may crown me, Without my stir- straight off one gains the impression of his violent underlying tone that is implied by the use of the word stir, revealing to a contemporary audience that his destructive intentions are intrinsic.According to Aristotle, there must be a clear distinction between the characters prosperity and misfortune Macbeth, as a tragic hero, does not condition himself to these rules religiously enough and it therefore, can be argued that his downfall is far too early on in the play for an audience to fully apprehend his nobility. Whereas, Othellos greatness is explored thoroughly for two whole Acts, allowing an audience of any time period, to understan d that his noble qualities are innate.A contemporary audience, for example, would understand the reason for Othellos downfall much better than they would with that of Macbeths as the play enables him to develop as a character and thus, show his true intentions, which are in this case, to screw and protect Desdemona. Alas, an alternative interpretation of Macbeth of a Shakespearean audience would be that he is an incessantly complacent man who, by all means, allows arrogance to overcast his mind even in the first scene of the play.The most famous of quotes where Macbeth visualises a dagger, represents his wavering resolve and lust for power that slowly descends into his madness. Is this a dagger, which I see before meAct 1 Scene 7, the use of a rhetorical question illustrates Macbeths hallucination of seeing an object that is clearly not there, which in comparison is a major downfall for someone who was deemed to be valiant at the start of the play.Susan Snyder (1994) states that t he play provides no answers to the questions it raises about the relative culpability of the witches equivocal predictions and Macbeths potential to commit murder. Evidently, there is no real justification or distinction in Macbeths downfall other than his sick ambitious need for power. The third criterion that qualifies a tragic hero is Anagnorisis, where the protagonist acknowledges his/her own flaw that has led them to their downfall.After all the accusations and trauma that Desdemona has been through, her extreme and most angelic words being, Commend me to my kind lord- O, farewell This suggests that she is a saint for forgiving all that Othello has done to her and shows just how much she love Othello a contemporary audience would ultimately feel pity for her as she is not the one to blame. However, a different view of Desdemona and what she represents has emerged over recent years amongst modern audiences feminist and new historic critics haveexamined her character in relatio n to the society she moves in. Marilyn French (1982), explores the masculine and misogynistic value system within Othello, and despite Desdemonas assertiveness in choosing her own husband, French emphasises that Desdemona must be obedient to males and is self-denying in the extreme thus when she dies she is a stereotype of female passivity. Once killing Desdemona, Othello begins to express his sincere remorse for his wrongdoing through the repetition of alliteration.The use of alliteration in Cursed, cursed and cold, cold, Act 5 Scene 2, reveals how shamefaced he is with himself for committing such a crime as he is emphasising it through the repetition of consonance sound c, and above all, goes closer to prove his tragic hero status. Through his two speeches, Othello is able to elaborate on the fact that he is wrapped with guilt the rhyming couplet of I kissed thee ere I killed thee no way by this, Killing myself, to die upon a kiss. epitomises his Anagnoris as he realises his she er love for Desdemona with what remains within him, a flare of eloquence.In stark contrast, there is no real evidence of Macbeths Anagnoris, and in fact, he behaves rather arrogantly about the witches predictions because he believes that no real harm will take on to him. In Act 5 Scene 3, Macbeth expresses a very short speech in which no lamenting or mourning is apparent I have lived long enough my way of life Is falln into the sear is but a mere acknowledgement of his circumstances rather than realisation of his tragic flaw. A Shakespearean audience would notice that perhaps Macbeth has not fully repented for his mistake and is therefore, in terms of Aristotle, not a true, classified tragic hero.Macbeth is determined to continue fighting for his life whereas traditionally a tragic hero, such as Othello, should ultimately understand their downfall in exchange for their life. In Act 5 Scene 5, Macbeth does in fact have the verbal eloquence to express himself even in a state of suppo sed despair. The use of personification in Lifes but a walking shadow reinforces the state of his ignorance to register his own wrong doing and therefore, both a modern and contemporary audience can advocate that they do not feel the same sympathy as they do for Othello.Finally, the last criterion of a tragic hero is Catharsis the point at which the tragic hero cleanses his heart and the audiences too. Othello, despite all that he has been through, returns to the articulate and passionate man, and for that, an audience can feel as though the previous trauma of Desdemonas death combined with his own wicked imagery is obliterated and washed from them. And very sea-mark of my utmost sail is an example of how Othello is able to speak in iambic pentameter even in such a horrific mental state, reinforcing an audiences perception of how truly noble and titled he is.Most honourably, he is not afraid of killing himself in the name of love he simply kisses Desdemona, and dies, making him appe ar as more of a tragic hero than Macbeth, who fights to live on. He leaves the audience feeling bereaved and pitiful because, despite his jealousy, he loved Desdemona too well, a crime that was surely too harshly punished. Although, Macbeths death is rather less tragic and more heroic in the sense that he refused to kill himself by falling on my sword an audience would regard him as more honourable towards himself.Before Malcolm kills him, he partly recognises his wrong doing in the little speech that he gives Of all men else I have avoided thee But get thee back, my soul is too much chargd With livestock of thine already. Irrespective of the fact that Macbeth didnt kill himself as he should have done, the imagery of blood reveals the extent of which Macbeth fights like a true spend till the end. Unfortunately, as a modern audience, we cannot feel the same sympathy as we do for Othello as he neither recognises his flaw nor kills himself because of it an imperative requisite for a true tragic hero.Macbeth is a rapid play that does not allow the main protagonist to develop as a character and for that ratiocination Macbeth lacks many of the imperative qualities needed within a tragic hero such as Peripeteia and Anagnorisis. Without a single doubt, Othello is one of Shakespeares great tragic heroes as fought for by Helen Gardner and Dr Johnson, regardless of Fintan OTooles perception of Othello being merely pathetic. We can advocate otherwise that in fact Othello fulfils all four criterias of Aristotles definition of a tragic hero.

Cultural Supression: Abusive Behavior Towards Women and Its Effect on the Spread of Hiv/Aids

Africa is facing a devastating crisis with respect to the AIDS epidemic, currently accounting system for over 70% of the worlds human immunodeficiency virus-positive population. There ar, of course, legion(predicate) factors that drive the explosive transmission of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus, still in the tangled web that is the epidemic in Africa, many of these issues sh ar a common thread. The oppression of women in Africa tooshie be considered the virus cultural vector. Fe antherals atomic number 18 rendered motive little in Afri goat societies, and existing gender inequalities are largely responsible for the spread of the disease.Females disadvantaged position in society is intrinsic completelyy linked to the subordination of women in their relationships with men. In order for progress to be made, an examination of gender relations and empowerment for women must take positioning. To be successful, AIDS campaigns must be built on the existing organizational skills o f women, tho must incorporate men as well. The blatantly skewed distribution of power in African patriarchic societies makes women extremely vulnerable but has insecure implications for all.To examine the forces that steer the epidemic down its course, the epidemiology of HIV and AIDS in Africa must first be considered. More than 80% of all HIV tarnishions in Africa are acquired through hetero cozy contact. This statistic is grossly out of balance with the 13% rate of infection through hetero awakeual contact in the United States. perpendicular transmission from mother to child is the second most common route for the virus to take in Africa (Essex et al. , 158). These rates are generally much higher(prenominal) than in the United States and Europe, where the use of a drug called nevirapine has drastically reduced mother-to-child transmission.This disparity is a direct result of differences in the nations wealth. African nations simply cannot afford to provide the drug to infec ted pregnant women. The continued transmission of HIV through contaminated blood during processes such as blood transfusions is another(prenominal) dismal consequence of poverty and inferior health services in many African countries. This method accounts for the third most important mode of transmission, cardinal that has been virtually eradicated in many countries because the technology is available to prevent it (Essex et al. 159). Part of what makes the situation in Africa so devastating is that the primary roads the virus travels in Africa were shut down long ago in other countries. Much of the worlds population already takes many of the roadblocks for granted. The transmission route of heterosexual contact is so heavily traveled in Africa that it demands an examination of sexual behavior. Before we delve into the workings of intimate relationships, however, the fine points of gender inequality in the public field of operations must be examined.These social conditions spill ov er into every aspect of life, tainting womens casual and sexual relationships with men. Women are systematically disadvantaged in African society. staminate bias in the structures of society is reflected in day-to-day behavior, embedded in legislation, policy, political and religious ideologies, and cultural conventions (Baylies et al. , 6). Examples of this trend abound. The Civil Code of the Empire of Ethiopia designates the keep up as the head of the family and buckle unders him the authority to administer household property.The husband is given the right to control and manage common property and to make all decisions regarding it. spot the Code requires that the husband act judiciously and not alienate property without the consent of his wife, strong traditional and cultural beliefs discourage women from enforcing this requirement (African Region Findings). In Kenya, the Constitution permits the application of customary law to personal matters. The Constitution contains no p rovisions for gender as a basis for non-discrimination and consequently, even gender-biased practices are held as valid and constitutional.Womens access to economic resources in Kenya is largely defined by customary laws (African Region Findings). Inheritance is usually along the male lineage women do not inherit family property. Not only do women have less access to income and possess much less wealth than their male counterparts, but they excessively contribute more hours of labor than men do (Baylies, et. al. , 7). In a village meeting held in rural Lushoto, Tanzania, in 1996, coordinated in solvent to AIDS, even two of the men present agreed that women take the heavier burden. A man, if you need him, is always out, an elderly man spoke out, whereas the womanhood is the one at home, taking care of cooking and all other household affairs. . . . We get up in the mornings and go about our argumentation and dont concern ourselves with whether the children eat or not, he continue d. We leave it all to mama. We give orders, we are dictators in the home (Baylies et al. , 191). Most of the men, however, did not share his capacity to see the situation in this way. wholeness male maintains, as a man you have so many things to attend to, and you rely on her to think of things like soap for washing (Baylies et al. 190). Womens express opportunities also translate into reduced access to education.Their lower levels of literacy contribute to their more limited access to information about sexually transmitted diseases and HIV (Baylies et al. , 6). cultural conventions prevent them from asserting themselves in public, squelching any hope of improving their situation in this way. Since their work is confined to the domestic field, womens labor does not command securities industry value, leaving them dependent on those members of the household who operate in the cash economy (Baylies et al. 7). Economic need lots drives women to enter into prostitution. The selling of sex, many argue, is often the only choice African women have between starvation and survival (Essex et al. , 538). It is the link between womens position in wider society and position in sexual relations that is crucial to understanding their vulnerability to the virus. UNAIDS reported in 1999 that in sub-Saharan Africa 12 or 13 women are infected with the HIV virus for every 10 men (Russell 101). Women have characteristically been viewed as responsible for transmitting the virus.Prostitutes are blamed for spreading HIV to clients, and mothers are blamed for transitory it to their children (Essex et al. , 3). Females are thought to have a polluting influence and are treated as vaginas or uteruses, whores or mothers, and vectors or vessels as opposed to people (Essex et al. , 3). alternatively of regarding women as blameworthy for the severity of the AIDS epidemic in Africa, they should be more accurately perceived as occupying a cultural niche in which they are highly vulnerable to contracting the virus.Since women are forced to relinquish the drivers seat to males in the public sphere, they certainly have no say in the nature and timing of their sexual activity in the private sphere, leaving the roads HIV travels open to traffic. Intimate relations revolve around the corresponding notions of personhood that operate in the bigger society (Baylies, et. al. , 7). The outcomes of these gender ideologies take form as sexual practices. The foundation of these sexual understandings seems to be that women are judge to give but not receive entertainment.Sexual norms prescribe relative passivity for females, while according sexual decision making to men (Baylies et al. , 7). Tolerance is expected for the great sexual mobility of men. Female fidelity is usually viewed as necessary while male infidelity is consistent with the extension of the familial line (Essex et al. , 534). The double archetype expectation is that women will enter into a pairing as virgins but men will not. In patriarchal, sub-Saharan African cultures, marriage can be defined as a legally and socially sanctioned relationship between a man and a woman within which procreation takes place (Essex et al. 534). Women are not viewed as people capable of sexual pleasure but as the means by which to achieve an end. That end is the perpetuation of the family line. This select value on marriage and motherhood presses progeny girls into risky, multiple-partner relationships long before they are psychologically or physically mature. Young women cannot refuse the sexual demands of elder men nor bear the social stigma of being without a husband or children (Essex et al. , 536). Women are powerless within their relationships and have too little power outside of them to abandon partners that put them at risk.How, then, do these social and sexual patterns account for the severity of the AIDS epidemic in Africa? Many claim that male privilege is what drives the AIDS epidemic, even g oing so far as to call AIDS a form of mass femicide (Russell 100). Diane Russell bluntly states, Those women who contract HIV/AIDS from their male partners because of their sexist attitudes and behavior, and/or because of their superior power and dominant status, are? when they die? victims of femicide (102). There are many examples of manifestations of male domination that can be fatal for female partners.Male refusal to use condoms is perhaps the most critical of these behaviors. Utilization of condoms is the one factor that would undoubtedly reduce transmission rates drastically. Women are not even allowed to ask, Can we have sex? , so it is even more difficult to bring up condom use (Russell 103). However, if a woman does find the courage to ask her male partner to use a condom, not only will he almost certainly refuse, he is seeming to beat her. Talk to him about donning a rubber sheath and be prepared for accusations, abuse or abandonment, relates Johanna McGeary in TIME maga zine.Her article also connect the story of a nurse in Durban, who, coming home from an AIDS training class, suggested that her husband put on a condom. He proceeded to grab a pot and bang on it loudly, attracting all the neighbors. He pointed a knife at her and demanded Where was she between 4 p. m. and now? Why is she suddenly suggesting that? What has changed after 20 years that she wants a condom? One man, who had already infected his wife with HIV and was developing open herpes sores on his penis, objected to his wifes suggestion of using condoms, criminate her of having a boyfriend (Russell 103).Even educated men, aware of the AIDS risk, balk at the suggestion. McGeary heard the same answer come up again and again That suspense is nonnegotiable. Several myths account for the lack of condom use, even when they are distributed for no cost your erection cant grow, free condoms must be too cheap to be safe, condoms fill up with germs, condoms from overseas bring the disease wi th them, condoms donated by foreign governments have holes in them so that Africans will die (McGeary).Some men simply mold they do not like the way condoms feel, and that is enough to decide the issue. When interviewed, one couple in Kanyama, Zambia, reported using condoms for contraception, but the husband started to complain that they were yearning him and was not going to continue using them (Baylies et al. , 98). The established trend is that women must risk infection to please men. Women compromise their sexual safety to mens pleasure by even more drastic physical means. Throughout Southern Africa, many women practice dry sex to please their husbands.This voluminous drying out the vagina with estate mixed with baboon urine some use detergents, salts, cotton, or shredded newspaper (Russell 102). Not only is dry sex reportedly very painful for women, it causes vaginal lacerations and suppresses the vaginas natural bacteria, both of which increase the likelihood of contractin g the HIV virus when engaging in sex with an infected partner (Russell 103). Since women are already in two ways as likely to contract HIV from a single encounter than are men, this is extremely dangerous (McGeary).The decision to engage in dry sex can be made for economical reasons as well. The prostitute who dries out her vagina can charge more, 50 or 60 rands ($6. 46 to $7. 75), enough to have a bun in the oven a childs school fees or to eat for a week (McGeary). This is in contrast to the 20 rands ($2. 84) she might receive otherwise. Since male economic privilege plays a major role in forcing women into prostitution, any AIDS deaths resulting from it can be considered femicide. Economic disadvantage for females drives them to participate in other dirty deals.Teenage girls especially are easy prey for older, wealthier sugar daddies, men who provide money and goods in exchange for sex (Essex et al. , 536). Sex has been referred to as the currency by which women and girls are ex pected to pay for lifes opportunities, from a passing grade in school to a trading license (Baylies et al. , 7). Girls as young as ten and eleven in Tanzania have been reported as having sexual relations with men for chips, Coke, money for videos or transport to school (Baylies et al. , 11).Sexual networking has dangerous implications for the spread of HIV, leaving many young women with much more than they bargained for. Yet another expression of male dominance on which the virus thrives is the practice of female genital mutilation. This practice, which has roots in the patriarchal society, is defined by the World Health Organization as the removal of part or all of the external female genitalia and/or scathe to the female genital organs for cultural or other nontherapeutic reasons (Russell 104).It is designed to cater to mens sexual preferences and reinforce their control over women. The tendency of mutilate genitals to bleed, especially during intercourse, puts women at high ris k for contracting the virus, as does the repeated use of the crude instruments utilize to perform these operations. The tools are often used on a number of girls on the same occasion (Russell 105). This practice is imposed on millions of girls in Africa. It is an attack not only on their bodies but also on their womanhood, on their personhood, and on their ability to protect themselves from a deadly disease.Tolerance of male promiscuity is a further social construction that strips extraneous females autonomy with fatal consequences. Men are accepted as sexually voracious by nature. They are like that, and you cant do anything, says one girl in Lushoto (Baylies et al. , 128). Many families economic situations require that husbands are gone for months at a time in order to work, and they are certainly not expected to cease from sexual activity during this time. Another Lushoto girl, married to a trader often away in Dar es Salaam, reports that she is afraid of her husband, worrying he may infect me (Baylies et al. 128). Her concern is absolutely justified. When a wife suspects that her husband has many partners outside the marriage, she is not entitled to refuse to engage in sex. You are a wife, what can you do? is the sad reality for most (Baylies et al. , 128). Marriage is an institution of vulnerability for women in Africa with respect to HIV. In general, it is men who bring HIV into a marriage (Baylies et al. , 11). Women can be infected, not through promiscuous activity on their own part, but as a consequence of being faithful to their husbands.The prevalence of AIDS in Africa also transforms sexual assaulters into murderers. The problem of rape is especially highlighted in South Africa, where a woman is estimated to be five times more likely to be raped than a woman in the United States (Russell 106). It is an extremely rare event that a rape is reported at all 75% are believed to remain unreported (Russell 107). The existence of rape halos is also a serious problem in South Africa. The term for recreational gang rape is jackrolling, and it is considered a game, not a crime.An analysis of gender relations in Africa provides insight into how and why HIV spreads so efficiently. The question now becomes what should be done with this knowledge to generate prevention strategies. It is obvious that women must become more empowered for the epidemic to be slowed with any significance. Russell claims that the first order of business requires educating people about the role played by male domination in the spread of HIV and AIDS, and that policies must then be developed to buy the farm manifestations of patriarchy (109).It is clear that education should focus more on gender issues than the need to avoid risky sexual behavior. However, as has been demonstrated over and over, change magnitude knowledge does not always translate into changed behavior. Baylies and Bujra investigate the potential of womens groups in campaigns of protection against HIV in Africa. They also point out that if economic dependance on men is a factor underlying womens vulnerability, greater economic security should serve to empower women. For this to occur, women would require higher levels of education.How men should be involved is another debatable issue. Male behaviors not only put their partners in danger, but themselves as well. Therefore, not only do men bear province in this area, but it would be in their interest to assist in the process. One thing is clear if the AIDS epidemic is to become any less of a problem in Africa, women will have to be empowered. Though AIDS is certainly a virtually impossible fire to extinguish in any context, the patriarchal society and exploitation of women not only fuels the flames but turns a fire into an inferno.For millions of African women, this hell is the reality. Their inferior position in larger society renders them powerless in sexual relations. The manifestation of these social constructions emerges in sexual practices and behavior that not only allow HIV to transmit at alarming rates, but also are blatant violations of basic human rights. When African women are no longer denied these fundamental rights, a decrease in the severity of the epidemic will undoubtedly follow.Works Cited African Region Findings. The World Bank Group, No. 126, January 1999. ttp//www. worldbank. org/afr/findings/english/find126. htm April 29, 2002. Baylies, Carolyn and Janet Burja. AIDS, Sexuality and Gender in Africa. NY Routledge Taylor and Francis Group, 2000. Essex, Max, Souleymane Mboup, Phyllis J. Kanki, and Mbowa R. Kalengayi, eds. AIDS in Africa. NY Raven Press, 1994. McGeary, Johanna. Death Stalks A Continent. Time Magazine, 2001. http//www. time. com/time/2001/aidsinafrica/cover. html April 29, 2002. Russell, Diane E. H. and Roberta A. Harmes, eds. Femicide in Global Perspective. NY Teachers College Press, 2001.